The Politics of Technological Upgrading: International Transfer to and Adaptation of Gm Cotton in Argentina

Arza, V., & Van Zwanenberg, P. (2014). The politics of technological upgrading: International transfer to and adaptation of GM cotton in Argentina. World Development, 59, 521-534.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.023 

We describe patterns of international transfer to and adaptation of genetically modified (GM) cotton in Argentina, and ask whether political bargaining between the technology owner, a multinational enterprise (MNE), and host country actors may have influenced upgrading. We suggest that the MNE was able to use its exclusive capacity to upgrade GM cotton technologies as a negotiation tool to persuade host actors to change the rules that affected its multi-lines of business in the country. This implies wider policy scope to encourage technology upgrading; host actors could negotiate over a wider range of aspects of interest to MNEs.

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